The modes being picked up for setting the display resolution are now correct following a reboot:
nicholas@mordor:~$
nicholas@mordor:~$ cat /sys/class/drm/card0/card0-VGA-1/modes
1920x1080
1600x900
1280x1024
1280x1024
1152x864
1024x768
1024x768
800x600
800x600
640x480
640x480
720x400
nicholas@mordor:~$
nicholas@mordor:~$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
Release: 22.04
Codename: jammy
nicholas@mordor:~$
Why were the settings before incomplete? There have been no hardware changes, save the reboot.